The Chaldeans overthrew the Assyrians around 612 B.C. They set up the second Babylonian Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar. King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem and enslaved the Jews. Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babyon. The Chaldeans advanced astronomy by making correct observations of the sun, moon, planets and stars. The tower of Babel is said to have been built during this time. After Nebuchadnezzars death in 562 B.C. the Chaldeans Empire fell. By 539 B.C. they were conquered by the Persians.
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